Arthur Schopenhauer was a 19th-century German philosopher known for his pessimistic philosophy. He developed the concept of the will to live as the fundamental force driving human behavior. Schopenhauer's work was deeply influenced by Eastern philosophies, particularly Buddhism. Despite facing academic rejection during his lifetime, his ideas gained posthumous recognition and influenced various intellectuals. Schopenhauer's major works include 'The World as Will and Representation.' He passed away in 1860.