Arnold J. Toynbee (1889-1975) was a British historian known for his monumental work 'A Study of History,' which analyzed the rise and fall of civilizations over the course of human history. Toynbee's approach was holistic and emphasized the role of moral and spiritual challenges in shaping the destiny of societies. He also worked as a research professor at the Royal Institute of International Affairs in London and was a prolific writer on international affairs and historical topics.